Review 4 · Units 8–9

What's in the lesson

1. 1Warm-up
2. 2In this lesson
3. 3Remember these?Vocabulary
4. 4Match the wordsVocabulary exercise
5. 5Gina's big yearVocabulary exercise
6. 6Check the callListening comprehension
7. 7Check your understandingReading comprehension
8. 8Grammar from units 8–9Grammar rule
9. 9Grammar checkGrammar exercise
10. 10Find the mistakeGrammar exercise
11. 11Say it naturallySpeaking practice
12. 12A new seasonSpeaking practice
13. 13Let's discussDiscussion
14. 14Wrap-up

Homework

1. 1Homework: closest meaningVocabulary exercise
2. 2Homework: your sentencesVocabulary exercise
3. 3Homework: Gina writes to LeonGrammar exercise
4. 4Homework: an end-of-year updateDiscussion

Words

• BATNA/ˈbætnə/

  your best alternative to a negotiated agreement: what you will do if the two sides can't agree

• leverage/ˈlevərɪdʒ/

  power to influence the other side, for example because they need the deal more than you do

• anchor/ˈæŋkər/

  the first number in a negotiation, which the rest of the talks tend to move around

• concession/kənˈseʃn/

  something that you give or agree to, often unwillingly, so that you can reach an agreement

• cash flow/ˈkæʃ floʊ/

  the money that comes into and goes out of a business, and when it does

• collateral/kəˈlætərəl/

  something valuable, such as a building or a vehicle, that a borrower promises to a lender, who can take it if the loan isn't repaid

• track record/ˈtræk rekərd/

  all your past results, which show how well you do something

• step up/ˌstep ˈʌp/

  to do more or take a bigger role, especially when it is needed

• follow through/ˌfɑːloʊ ˈθruː/

  to finish what you promised or started

• sugarcoat/ˈʃʊɡərkoʊt/

  to make bad news sound better than it really is

• take it personally/ˌteɪk ɪt ˈpɜːrsənəli/

  to feel hurt by a comment because you think it is about you as a person, not about your work

• micromanage/ˌmaɪkroʊˈmænɪdʒ/

  to control every small detail of other people's work

Two slides from the lesson

Warm-up

Before we look back at units 8 and 9:

1. Since we started unit 8, have you negotiated anything, talked about money or given someone feedback? How did it go?
2. Who would you find it easiest to negotiate with: a supplier, a client or your own manager? Why?
3. What is one thing you have been doing at work (or in your studies) lately that you are proud of?

Grammar rule

Grammar from units 8–9

Unit	Grammar	Example
8	conditions without if: as long as, provided (that), on condition that (= only if) · in case (= as a precaution) · otherwise (= if not)	You can borrow the van as long as you return it by noon. · Keep some cash on you in case the card reader is down. · The truck has to leave by six; otherwise, we'll hit rush hour.
8	proposals and hypothetical offers: if + past, would / could / might · a firm offer: if + present, will	What if we shared the cost of the hotel? · We could share a truck if you didn't mind an early start. · We'll deliver for free if the order is over $5,000.
8	quantifiers	a few clients (some) · few clients (not many) · a little time (some) · little time (not much) · hardly any (almost none) · none of the… (three or more) · each / every + a singular noun · both, either, neither (two) · a great deal of + an uncountable noun
9	present perfect continuous (the activity, how long) / simple (the result, how many)	She's been answering calls all morning. · She's answered forty.
9	reporting verbs: suggest / recommend + -ing or that… · encourage / advise + someone + to… · agree / promise / offer + to… · admit + -ing	The caterer offered to stay late. · I encouraged him to speak first. · They recommended a hotel near the venue.
9	soft feedback: could have / might have + past participle · didn't need to + verb (needn't have + past participle: mostly British) · might want to + verb · it might be worth + -ing	You could have warned the band. · We didn't need to book a second room. · You might want to call the florist.
9	relative clauses: defining (no commas) / non-defining (commas, never that) · which for a whole idea	the band that played first · Our caterer, who also runs a bakery, … · It rained all day, which nobody expected.

Things to watch. After as long as, provided, on condition that and in case, use the present for the future, not will; in case is a precaution, not the same as if. In a proposal, the if part has the past, not would. Without a, few and little sound negative; few goes with plural nouns and little with uncountable nouns; say each of the… or every one of the…, never every of; both, either and neither are for two, none of for three or more. A number of things done takes the simple, and state verbs (know, own, have = own) are not usually continuous. suggest never takes someone + to. For the past, could, might and needn't take have + the past participle (could have warned, not could have warn); after worth, use -ing. A clause with commas never starts with that.